“Trail of Tears, “these forced migrations” whose “fearful evils…are impossible to imagine…. Nonetheless, about one-tenth of the eleventh-century British population is estimated to have been enslaved, a proportion rising to one-fifth in the West Country.5 So embedded were slaves in the economy of the British Isles that the Catholic Church, quite a wealthy institution, owned vast numbers of them.6” Kings Alfred the Great and Canute (1014–35) tried, with uncertain success, to restrict slavery, especially with regard to daughters. We cannot know how many of the British poor sold themselves and their children into bondage, but the number must have been significant, for attempts at reform were made repeatedly.
Contains 70+ black-and-white illustrations/photos.“In Anglo-Saxon Britain as elsewhere, slaves were valuable property, worth each about eight oxen in Ireland a female slave represented a unit of currency, like a dollar or a euro.4 Moreover, slavery in Anglo-Saxon Britain applied not merely to the captives themselves, for slave status could also be inherited, as had been the case among the Thracians of antiquity. Read this to give depth to your understanding of contemporary racism came from and how we can confront it. Subsequent waves of Irish, Italian, and other immigrants have challenged and expanded 19th century views of 'whiteness'. Painter discusses this topic as it relates to labor, eugenics, gender, beauty, and class, in. The Constitution defined citizens as "free white men" so as to exclude indentured whites. Only in the last few hundred years has slavery been linked to race. Early European used other (often conquered) Europeans as slaves. The author takes us through history from the early Greeks & Romans through to the present day. Historian Nell Irvin Painter walks us through the last 2000 years of history and the development of the concept of race, racial identity, and racism. Race is a relatively modern concept there was no unified "white" identity until it was invented to justify the enslavement of people from Africa and the Americas.
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